The Power System Dynamics course includes the following learning activities. CEH awarded are 14 Standards, 34 Operating Topics, 20 EOP and 14 Simulation.
ILA #1
Explain & illustrate the fundamental theory of electric power system construction & operation.
1. Explain & illustrate fundamental principles & concepts of electrical power system operations.
Topics addressed include a description of capacitance, inductance & phase angle, a description of MW, Mvar & the power triangle, the theory of electromagnetic induction & the construction of generators, an illustration & description of the types of generators (steam, wind, hydro & CT), an illustration of basic governor & excitation system operation, an illustration of synchronizing, a description of the NERC power system’s components, operation & organization.
ILA #2
Develop equations for MW & Mvar flow & describe & illustrate how MW & Mvar flow is controlled.
1. Explain & illustrate the concept & usage of the voltage phase angle & develop equations for MW & MW flow.
Topics addressed include the meaning & value of a voltage phase angle measurement, a description of the PI model of a transmission line, utilize the PI model to develop equations for MW & Mvar flow.
2. Describe the construction & operation of a phase shifting transformer.
Topics addressed include an explanation of the cause of the 30 degree shift in a wye-delta transformer, a description & illustration of the types of PST, an illustration of how PSTs are used to control MW flow, an illustration of how PSTs are used to reduce the angle across an open CB.
3. Describe & illustrate concepts of power flow using graphical tools & explain the purpose & usage of power transfer limits & distribution factors.
Topics addressed include a description & illustration of the usage of a power-angle curve, a description & illustration of the usage of a power-circle diagram, a description of the purpose & usage of power transfer limits, a description of the purpose & illustration of the usage of distribution factors.
ILA #3
Describe & illustrate how the frequency control process is accomplished in the NERC power system.
1. Describe the fundamental theory of frequency control, review historical load data for NERC systems, examine actual frequency deviations & describe the importance of the load-frequency relationship & inertia.
Topics addressed include an explanation of the load to resource balance, an examination of historic load levels in the NERC Interconnections, an explanation of the range of allowable frequency deviations, a description & illustration of the load frequency relationship, an explanation of the role of inertia in the frequency control process.
2. Describe & illustrate the usage & operation of governor control systems.
Topics addressed include a description of the basic operation of a governor system, an explanation & illustration of the concepts of droop & deadband, an analysis of frequency events to determine the impact of droop & deadband settings, the difference between speed droop & speed regulation, an examination of trends in the NERC frequency response characteristic (FRC).
3. Describe & illustrate the usage & operation of AGC systems.
Topics addressed include an illustration of how an Interconnection is divided into BAs, a description of the duties of a BA, an explanation of the concepts of scheduled, actual & inadvertent interchange, an explanation of the frequency bias value, a description & illlustration of the usage of the constant frequency, constant interchange & tie-line bias modes of AGC.
4. Explain the need for operating reserves & explain & illustrate current & future NERC control performance standards.
Topics addressed include a description of the types & sources of operating reserves, a description & illustration of CPS1 & CPS2, a description & illustration of the DCS, a description & illustration of future trends in control performance including an examination of BAAL & RBC.
5. Describe the purpose & operation of UFLS & examine the impact of a generator trip using a time-based four stage approach.
Topics addressed include a description of the purpose, design & operation of a UFLS program, an examination of frequency data from actual NERC disturbances, a calculation & illustration of voltage phase angle changes during frequency events, an analysis of a generation trip in terms of a 4-stage, time-based process including (1) electro-mechanical stage, (2) inertial stage, (3) governor stage, & (4) AGC stage.
ILA #4
Describe & illustrate how the voltage control process is accomplished in the NERC power system.
1. Describe & illustrate the concept of reactive power.
Topics addressed include an explanation of reactive power from an energy storage perspective, an illustration of how reactive power flows, an illustration of the usage of shunt capacitors to compensate inductive load & the derivation & usage of a formula for transmission system reactive power usage.
2. Describe & illustrate causes & effects of power system high & low voltage.
Topics addressed include an explanation of SIL, an explanation of why a cap’s Mvar output varies with voltage, an illustration of how unscheduled power flow leads to low voltage, an illustration of how transmission line trips lead to low voltage, the importance of reactive power reserves, the difference between manual & dynamic reactive reserve, the cause & methods of preventing the Ferranti voltage rise, the cause & methods of preventing generator self-excitation, the concept of harmonic overvoltages, an explanation of the load/voltage relationship, an explanation of transformer saturation.
3. Describe & illustrate how voltage control equipment is used to control power system voltage.
Topics addressed include the usage of shunt & series capacitors for voltage control, the usage of shunt & series reactors for voltage control, the usage of transformers to move Mvar around the system, the usage of generators to both absorb & provide Mvar, a description & illustration of the usage of reactive capability curves, the usage of thyrister controlled equipment such as SVCs.
ILA #5
Describe & illustrate the concepts of voltage stability / voltage instability & voltage collapse.
1. Define key terms used in the study of voltage stability & describe 3 types of voltage collapse.
Topics addressed include presenting & illustrating definitions of voltage stability, voltage instability & voltage collapse, describing & illustrating 3 types of voltage collapse (long-term, classical & transient).
2. Explain the concepts & illustrate the usage of P-V & V-Q curves.
Topics addressed include explaining & demonstrating the construction of P-V & V-Q curves, interpreting the shape & data presented in fictional & actual P-V & V-Q curves.
3. Use fictional & actual system events to illustrate the voltage instability & collapse process.
Step through fictional & actual voltage collapse events using P-V & V-Q curves, explain the impact of tap changers & generator Mvar response & loss-of-load-diversity on voltage collapse scenarios, describe the value of maintaining adequate dynamic reactive reserve & describe how UVLS schemes can help prevent voltage collapse.
ILA #6
Describe & illustrate the concepts of angle stability & angle instability.
1. Define key terms used in the study of angle stability & describe 3 types of angle stability.
Topics addressed include presenting & illustrating definitions of angle stability & angle instability, a description of how short term frequency differences can lead to angle instability, using a phasor diagram to illustrate angle instability, describing 3 types of angle stability/instability (steady-state, transient & oscillatory).
2. Explain & illustrate the processes of angle stability & angle instability.
Topics addressed include a description of how a power-angle curve is used to analyse the angle stability of a power system, a description of steady-state stability & steady-state instability using power angle curves, a description of transient stability & transient instability using power angle curves, a description of oscillatory stability & oscillatory instability using power angle curves.
3. Explain & illustrate the usage of equipment to prevent angle instability
Topics addressed include the usage of braking resistors, the usage of fast protection, the usage of fast valving schemes, the usage of OOS blocking & OOS tripping protective relays.
4. Describe different modes of power system oscillations & describe the theory & usage of PSS.
Topics addressed include defining & illustrating inter-area oscillations, intra-area oscillations, local mode oscillations & intra-plant oscillations, describing & illustrating how PSS are used to increase system damping.
5. Describe the purpose & usage of the North American Synchro Phasor Initiative (NASPI).
Topics addressed include the concept of a phasor measurement unit (PMU), the concept & usage of synchrophasors, a description & illustration of an actual synchrophasor driven remedial action scheme to prevent angle instability.
