The Power System Dynamics course includes the following learning activities. Maximum CEH awarded are 13.5 Standards, 41 Operating Topics, 8 Simulation and 22 EOP, but actual CEH depend upon classroom hours.
Power System Dynamics - Fundamentals Review
Learning Objective:
The participant will be guided through a review of fundamental power system concepts to ensure all the fundamentals are understood in a consistent manner. This activity will serve as a prerequisite to more advanced and specific activities in a multi-day power system dynamics course.
Learning Activity Content:
- Review of basic concepts of current, voltage, frequency, capacitance, inductance and phase angle
- Description of synchronous generator operation including electromagnetic induction, torque angle, 3 phase, speed of rotation and an introduction to governor & excitation systems
- Description of concept of synchronizing with respect to a generator and with respect to islands
- Review of North American power system components including the major interconnections, role of NERC, role of BAs and role of RCs
Power System Dynamics - Active and Reactive Power
Learning Objectives:
Participants will:
1. Be able to describe and demonstrate the influence of the variables that drive MW & Mvar flow
2. Explain the construction and operation of a PST
3. Utilize a power-angle curve to illustrate the relationship between MW flow and phase angle
4. Utilize a power-circle diagram to illustrate how MW & Mvar vary with phase angle
5. Demonstrate the use of PTDFs for managing transmission system congestion
Learning Activity Content:
- Phase angle between voltage and current
- Voltage phase angle relation to MW flow
- Generator torque angle
- PI model of a transmission line
- Develop MW flow equation and illustrate usage
- Develop Mvar flow equation and illustrate usage
- Theory and operation of a PST
- Theory and use of a power-angle curve
- Theory and use of a power-circle diagram
- Describe and demonstrate the use of distribution factors
- The concept of an operating security limit
Power System Dynamics - Frequency Control
Learning Objectives:
1. Explain the relationship between generation, load and frequency
2. Describe the operation of a governor control system
3. Describe the operation of an AGC system and the role of the Balancing Authority
4. Examine NERC's CPS1, CPS2 and DCS performance standards
5. Identify the power system equipment most impacted by frequency deviations and explain the purpose of UFLS schemes
6. Analyze actual North American frequency disturbance data
7. Illustrate a frequency deviation using a four step process
Learning Activity Content:
- The energy balance concept
- Normal versus abnormal frequency deviations
- The load-frequency relationship
- The role of inertia
- Operation of a governor droop concept
- The role of a Balancing Authority
- Components of an AGC system
- Operation of an AGC system
- Purpose and application of CPS1
- Purpose and application of CPS2
- Purpose and application of DCS
- Steam-turbine abnormal frequency limits
- Purpose and application of UFLS
- Examination of actual frequency disturbance plots
- Four stage response to a generator trip including: 1. Electromagnetic stage; 2. Inertial stage; 3. Governor stage; 4. AGC stage
Power System Dynamics - Voltage Control
Learning Objectives:
1. Use graphical means to separate the MVA into its MW & Mvar components
2. Determine that Mvar loss is more substantial than MW loss
3. Explain the concept of SIL
4. Describe and illustrate the Ferranti Rise effect
5. Describe and illustrate harmonic related abnormal voltage problems
6. Explain the purpose and demonstrate the usage of voltage control equipment
Learning Activity Content:
- MVA separation into MW & Mvar
- Value of a shunt capacitor
- Concept of leading & lagging
- Mvar versus MW loss
- Concept of SIL
- Maintaining scheduled voltage
- Maintaining reactive reserve
- Ferranti Rise effect
- Harmonic overvoltages
- Load/voltage effect
- Transformers & reactive power
- Usage of series & shunt capacitors
- Usage of series & shunt reactors
- Generator excitation systems
- Reactive capability curves
- Actual versus theoretical generator Mvar capability
Power System Dynamics - Voltage Stability
Learning Objectives:
Participants will:
1. Describe the three types of voltage stability
2. Demonstrate the usage of P-V & V-Q curves for analyzing voltage stability & voltage collapse
3. Analyze actual voltage stability events in the North American power system
Learning Activity Content:
- Definition of voltage stability
- Definition of voltage collapse
- Types of voltage collapse including long term, classical & transient
- Construction, usage and shape of the P-V curve
- Illustration of a simulated voltage collapse scenario
- Construction, usage and shape of the V-Q curve
- Description of the Eastern Disturbance of 8/14/2003 from a long term voltage collapse perspective
- Description of the Western Disturbance of 7/2/1996 from a classical voltage collapse perspective
- Description of the Eastern Disturbance of 8/1987 from a transient voltage collapse perspective
Power System Dynamics - Angle Stability
Learning Objectives:
Participants will:
1. Demonstrate, using graphical tools, the difference between angle stability and angle instability
2. Utilize power-angle curves and MW plots to illustrate steady state stability and instability
3. Utilize power-angle curves and MW plots to illustrate the difference between transient stability and instability
4. Utilize power-angle curves and MW plots to illustrate the difference between oscillatory stability and instability
5. Analyze the procedures and equipment used in North America to help ensure angle stability
Learning Activity Content:
- Definition of angle stability
- Definition of angle instability
- Concept of relative acceleration
- Concept of the torque angle
- Usage of the power-angle curve
- Types of angle instability including steady-state, transient, oscillatory
- Illustration of a steady-state instability event using a power-angle curve & MW plots
- Illustration of transient stability using a power-angle curve and MW plots following a line loss
- Illustration of transient instability using a power-angle curve and MW plots following a line loss
- Illustration of transient stability using a power-angle curve following a phase-ground fault
- Illustration of transient instability using an extended power-angle curve following a 3-phase fault
- Description of fast-valving
- Description of a braking resistor
- Description of the advantage of high speed protection
- Illustration of oscillatory instability using power-angle curves following a minor disturbance
- The types of power systems prone to low frequency oscillations
- The purpose of PSS
- The purpose of OOS protection
- Distance relay operation during OOS events
- Analysis from an angle stability perspective of the 6/25/1998 Eastern Disturbance
Power System Dynamics - August 14, 2003 Blackout Description
Learning Objectives:
Participants will:
- Analyze the events of 8/14/03 to determine the cause of the disturbance
- Create a list of operating procedures which, had they been in effect, would have avoided the disturbance of 8/14/03
Learning Activity Content:
- Review power system components involved with 8/14/03 disturbance
- Review system conditions on 8/14/03
- Describe trip of Eastlake generator at 13:31
- Analyze effects of the unit trip
- Describe capabilities of MISO and FirstEnergy Contingency Analysis software
- Describe failure of FirstEnergy alarm logger
- Analyze the effects of the loss of the Chamberlin-Harding 345 line at 15:05
- Analyze the effects of the loss of the Hanna-Juniper 345 line at 15:32
- Analyze the effects of the loss of the Star-South Banton 345 line at 15:41
- Analyze the key event of the disturbance, the loss of the Sammis-Star 345 line at 16:06
- Describe the portion of the disturbance during which Detroit area loses synchronism with the Toronto area at approximately 16:10
- Describe the portion of the disturbance from 16:10 until the separation of all lines to the east coast at 16:13
- Review and analyze the recommendation from the disturbance reports for the 8/14/03 disturbance
